Discussion on the stability evaluation standard of a rock slope in a noncoal open-pit mine
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摘要: 根据露天矿山的生产工艺特征，将岩质边坡划分为总体边坡、路间边坡和台阶边坡三种尺度，并对其控制因素、破坏模式进行了分析；结合土木工程边坡规范和非煤露天矿山边坡规范的边坡设计安全系数取值，讨论了国内外非煤露天矿山边坡设计安全系数的要求，提出了六条建议；综合考虑服务年限、边坡尺度规模的设计安全系数改进方案，并引入失稳概率，拓展了不同尺度边坡稳定性评价的设计标准，可有效提升非煤露天矿岩质边坡稳定性评价的合理性和科学性，进一步完善了矿山边坡设计理论和方法。Abstract: As an important way to obtain mineral resources, open-pit mining has accounted for about 77% of the total production of the mined iron ore, and about 52% of the total production of non-ferrous ore, indicating huge development potential. With the continuous development of open-pit mines to deep and large-scale directions, the height of mine slopes is constantly increasing and the maximum height has exceeded kilometers. Slope instability disaster is a major problem faced by open-pit mines, and the evaluation and analysis of the stability of mine slopes are of great importance. However, in the stability evaluation and analysis of rock slopes in many open-pit mines, the engineering scale is ignored, the value of design safety factor is too conservative, and the evaluation index is single, rendering it difficult to consider the economy and safety of mine slope evaluation and resulting in the waste of resources and frequent accidents. In this paper, rock slopes were divided into three scales according to the production process characteristics of open-pit mines: (1) overall slope, (2) inter-ramp slope, and (3) bench slope. Moreover, the control elements and failure modes of the slopes were analyzed. Combined with the design safety factor value of the civil-engineering slope standards and specifications of a non-coal open-pit mine slope, the design safety factor requirements of non-coal open-pit mine slopes at home and abroad were discussed, then six suggestions were put forward. Comprehensively taking service years and the improved scheme of design safety factor in slope scale into consideration, the instability probability were introduced to extend the design standard of slope stability evaluation in different scales, which can effectively improve the rationality and scientificity of the rock slope stability evaluation in non-coal open-pit mines, further improving the mining slope design theory and method.
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Key words:
- open-pit mine /
- rock slope /
- design safety factor /
- instability probability /
- slope stability /
- evaluation standard
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图 1 露天矿岩质边坡结构参数与台阶分类示意图
Figure 1. Diagram of the structural parameters and step classification of a rock slope in an open-pit mine
表 1 露天矿山边坡设计方案
Table 1. Slope design scheme of the open-pit mine
Slope design scheme Overall angle/ (°) Safety factor Scheme 1 38 1.462 Scheme 2 40 1.364 
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Material type Conditions Design safety factor Soil earthworks Normal loads and service conditions 1.5 Maximum loads and worst environmental conditions 1.3 Earth retaining Normal loads and service conditions 2.0 Slopes Temporary 1.25 Permanent 1.5
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表 3 边坡危害等级
Table 3. Slope hazard grade
Slope hazard grade Possible casualties Potential economic risk/(106 ¥) Comprehensive assessment Direct Indirect Ⅰ Casualties ≥1.0 ≥10 Very serious Ⅱ Injured 0.5−1.0 5−10 Serious Ⅲ Unharmed ≤0.5 ≤5 Ordinary
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表 4 边坡工程安全等级划分
Table 4. Safety classification of slope engineering
Slope engineering safety grade Slope height, H/m Slope hazard grade Ⅰ H>500 Ⅰ, Ⅱ, Ⅲ 300<H≤500 Ⅰ, Ⅱ 100<H≤300 Ⅰ Ⅱ 300<H≤500 Ⅲ 100<H≤300 Ⅱ, Ⅲ H≤100 Ⅰ Ⅲ 100<H≤300 Ⅲ H≤100 Ⅱ, Ⅲ
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表 5 不同荷载组合下总体边坡的设计安全系数
Table 5. Design safety factor of the overall slope under different load combinations
Slope engineering
safety gradeSlope engineering design safety factor Load combination Ⅰ Load combination Ⅱ Load combination Ⅲ Ⅰ 1.25−1.20 1.23−1.18 1.20−1.15 Ⅱ 1.20−1.15 1.18−1.13 1.15−1.10 Ⅲ 1.15−1.10 1.13−1.08 1.10−1.05
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表 6 边坡危害等级建议
Table 6. Recommendation on the grade of the slope hazard
Slope hazard grade Possible casualties Potential economic risk/
(106 ¥)Comprehensive assessment Direct Indirect 1 Casualties ≥10 ≥50 Very serious 2 Injured 2−10 10−50 Serious 3 Unharmed ≤2 ≤10 Ordinary
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表 7 边坡工程安全等级划分建议
Table 7. Suggestions on the safety classification of slope engineering
Slope engineering safety grade Slope height, H/m Slope hazard grade Note Ⅰ H>500 1, 2, 3 The engineering security levels should be increased a level for open-pit mine slope whose security level belong to II or III, or service years greater than 25 300<H≤500 1, 2 100<H≤300 1 Ⅱ 300<H≤500 3 100<H≤300 2, 3 H≤100 1 Ⅲ 100<H≤300 3 H≤100 2, 3
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表 8 采矿岩石边坡可接受的失稳概率
Table 8. Acceptable instability probability of mining rock slopes
Category Description Acceptable instability probability 1 Critical slopes where failure may affect the continuous operation and pit safety <5% 2 Slopes where failure have a significant impact on costs and safety <15% 3 Slopes where failure has a notable impact on costs and
where minimal safety hazards exist<30%
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表 9 露天矿岩质边坡设计安全系数与失稳概率建议值
Table 9. Suggested value of the design safety factor and instability probability of the rock slope in the open-pit mine
Slope scale Slope engineering safety grade Acceptable criteria Minimum design safety factor (static) Minimum design safety factor (dynamic) Maximum instability probability/% Bench Ⅰ, Ⅱ, Ⅲ 1.1 — 25 Inter-ramp Ⅲ 1.15 1.0 20 Ⅱ 1.2 1.0 15 Ⅰ 1.2 1.1 Overall Ⅲ 1.2 1.0 15 Ⅱ 1.25 1.05 10 Ⅰ 1.3 1.1 5 Important production Ⅰ, Ⅱ, Ⅲ 1.3 1.1 5
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