-
摘要:
随着黄金需求量的不断增加及易处理金矿资源的日益减少, 难处理金矿逐渐成为黄金产业的主要资源来源.为使难处理金矿能够合理、高效地开发利用, 对难处理金矿进行了简要概述和分类, 并阐述其难处理的原因.采用传统的氰化法浸出难处理金矿, 其浸出效果差, 且氰化物有剧毒, 严重污染环境及危害人体健康.为实现难处理金矿的高效、环保浸出, 非氰化法浸出难处理金矿受到广泛关注.重点介绍了硫代硫酸盐法、硫氰酸盐法、硫脲法、多硫化物及石硫合剂法、液氯化法五种非氰浸金方法的浸金原理及在难处理金矿方面的最新研究进展.基于非氰浸金方法存在的浸出体系复杂、浸出剂性质不稳定及消耗量大等问题, 展望了非氰浸金技术的发展方向.
Abstract:With the increasing demand for gold and the decreasing of easily treated gold resources, refractory gold ores, which are characterized by low gold recovery and high cyanide consumptions when subjected to direct cyanide leaching, have gradually become the main sources of gold. Thus, reasonable exploitation and utilization of refractory gold ores are of great significance to the sustainable development of the gold industry in China. To ensure a reasonable and efficient utilization of refractory gold ores, refractory gold ores were reviewed and classified in this paper, and the difficulties of handling were briefly reviewed. For over one hundred years, cyanidation has been the predominant process of extracting gold from mineral sources. The major reason for adopting cyanide rather than other lixiviants is its higher chemical stability and lower cost. But in recent years, the utilization of the traditional cyanide method to leach gold have been undesirable; this is mainly because the acute toxicity of cyanide can result in environmental pollution and human health hazard. Moreover, leaching of refractory gold ores by traditional cyanidation techniques also results in poor gold recovery. On this basis, non-cyanide lixiviants have attracted considerable attention in the metallurgical industry, and several non-cyanide leaching methods have been proposed for gold extraction because of their non-toxic nature, acceptable gold leaching rates, and high gold recovery. In this paper, the leaching mechanisms and the latest research progress of non-cyanide gold leaching techniques for refractory gold ores, such as leaching processes with thiosulfate, thiocyanate, thiourea, polysulfide, lime-sulfur-synthetic solution (LSSS) and chlorination, were discussed in detail. Then considering features of non-cyanide gold leaching such as a complex leaching system, unstable leaching agents, and large consumption of leaching agents, and development directions of non-cyanide gold leaching technology for refractory gold ores were proposed.
-
-
[1] 张金萍, 欧日亮. 我国金矿查明资源储量约1.22万吨. 中国国土资源报, 2017-8-31(001) Zhang J P, Ou R L. The reserves of gold ore resources in China are about 12, 200 tons. China Land and Resources News, 2017-8-31(001)
[2] Guay W J, Gross M A. The treatment of refractory gold ores containing carbonaceous material and sulfides. Soc Min Eng AIME, 1981(81-45): 1
[3] Cabri L J, Chryssoulis S L, de Villiers J P R, et al. The nature of "invisible" gold in arsenopyrite. Can Miner, 1989, 27(3): 353 http://ci.nii.ac.jp/naid/80004837060/ja/
[4] Bakken B M, Hochella M F, Marshall A F, et al. High-resolution microscopy of gold in unoxidized ore from the Carlin Mine, Nevada. Econ Geol, 1989, 84(1): 171 doi: 10.2113/gsecongeo.84.1.171
[5] Dunn J G, Chamberlain A C. The recovery of gold from refractory arsenopyrite concentrates by pyrolysis-oxidation. Miner Eng, 1997, 10(9): 919 doi: 10.1016/S0892-6875(97)00074-5
[6] Xu B, Yang Y B, Jiang T, et al. Improved thiosulfate leaching of a refractory gold concentrate calcine with additives. Hydrometallurgy, 2015, 152: 214 doi: 10.1016/j.hydromet.2014.12.016
[7] Nava-Alonso F, Elorza-Rodríguez E, Uribe-Salas A, et al. Pretreatment with ozone for gold and silver recovery from refractory ores. Ozone Sci Eng, 2007, 29(2): 101 doi: 10.1080/01919510601186410
[8] Alfieris D, Voudouris P, Spry P G. Shallow submarine epithermal Pb-Zn-Cu-Au-Ag-Te mineralization on western Milos Island, Aegean Volcanic Arc, Greece: Mineralogical, geological and geochemical constraints. Ore Geol Rev, 2013, 53: 159 doi: 10.1016/j.oregeorev.2013.01.007
[9] Andreeva E D, Matsueda H, Okrugin V M, et al. Au-Ag-Te mineralization of the low-sulfidation epithermal aginskoe deposit, Central Kamchatka, Russia. Resour Geol, 2013, 63(4): 337 doi: 10.1111/rge.12013
[10] 余宇星, 许虹, 吴祥珂, 等. 黑龙江三道湾子金矿Au-Ag-Te系列矿物特征及其成矿流体. 岩石学报, 2012, 28(1): 345 https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-YSXB201201026.htm Yu Y X, Xu H, Wu X K, et al. Characteristics of the Au-Ag-Te minerals and its ore-forming fluids in Sandaowanzi gold deposit, Heilongjiang Province. Acta Petrol Sin, 2012, 28(1): 345 https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-YSXB201201026.htm
[11] Ellis S, Deschenes G. Chapter 51-treatment of gold-telluride ores. Gold Ore Process, 2016: 919
[12] Ofori-Sarpong G, Osseo-Asare K. Preg-robbing of gold from cyanide and non-cyanide complexes: effect of fungi pretreatment of carbonaceous matter. Int J Miner Process, 2013, 119: 27 doi: 10.1016/j.minpro.2012.12.007
[13] Grosse A C, Dicinoski G W, Shaw M J, et al. Leaching and recovery of gold using ammoniacal thiosulfate leach liquors (a review). Hydrometallurgy, 2003, 69(1-3): 1 doi: 10.1016/S0304-386X(02)00169-X
[14] 沈智慧, 张覃, 卯松, 等. 贵州某微细浸染型金矿硫代硫酸盐浸出试验研究. 矿冶工程, 2013, 33(5): 85 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2013.05.022 Shen Z H, Zhang Q, Mao S, et al. Leaching of micro-disseminated gold ore deposit in Guizhou by thiosulfate. Min Metall Eng, 2013, 33(5): 85 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2013.05.022
[15] Arima H, Fujita T, Yen W T. Using nickel as a catalyst inammonium thiosulfate leaching for gold extraction. Mater Trans, 2004, 45(2): 516 doi: 10.2320/matertrans.45.516
[16] Chandra I, Jeffrey M I. A fundamental study of ferric oxalate for dissolving gold in thiosulfate solutions. Hydrometallurgy, 2005, 77(3-4): 191 doi: 10.1016/j.hydromet.2004.12.002
[17] 林志坚. 吉林某含铜金矿硫代硫酸盐浸金试验研究. 矿产综合利用, 2012(4): 35 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-6532.2012.04.010 Lin Z J. Recovery of gold from a copper-bearing gold ore by thiosulfate leaching in Jilin. Multipurp Utiliz Miner Resour, 2012(4): 35 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-6532.2012.04.010
[18] Xu B, Yang Y B, Li Q, et al. The development of an environmentally friendly leaching process of a high C, As and Sb bearing sulfide gold concentrate. Miner Eng, 2016, 89: 138 doi: 10.1016/j.mineng.2016.01.011
[19] 童雄, 张艮林, 普传杰. 氨性硫代硫酸盐浸金体系中硫代硫酸盐的消耗. 有色金属, 2005, 57(2): 69 https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-YOUS200502019.htm Tong X, Zhang G L, Pu C J. Thiosulfate consumption in gold ammonia-thiosulfate leaching solution. Nonferrous Met, 2005, 57(2): 69 https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-YOUS200502019.htm
[20] 邓文, 伍荣霞, 刘志成, 等. 焙烧预氧化-硫代硫酸盐浸出某难处理金精矿. 矿冶工程, 2017, 37(3): 114 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2017.03.030 Deng W, Wu R X, Liu Z C, et al. Treatment of refractory gold concentrate by oxidation roasting-thiosulfate leaching. Min Metall Eng, 2017, 37(3): 114 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2017.03.030
[21] Lampinen M, Laari A, Turunen I. Ammoniacal thiosulfate leaching of pressure oxidized sulfide gold concentrate with low reagent consumption. Hydrometallurgy, 2015, 151: 1 doi: 10.1016/j.hydromet.2014.10.014
[22] Liu X L, Xu B, Min X, et al. Effect of pyrite on thiosulfate leaching of gold and the role of ammonium alcohol polyvinyl phosphate (AAPP). Metals, 2017, 7(7): 278 doi: 10.3390/met7070278
[23] 方兆珩, 李兆军, 石伟, 等. 难处理金精矿含元素硫的酸浸渣加石灰氧压浸金. 过程工程学报, 2002, 2(1): 17 doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1009-606X.2002.01.004 Fang Z H, Li Z J, Shi W, et al. Gold leaching of a residue containing elemental sulfur with lime added under pressurized oxygen. Chin J Process Eng, 2002, 2(01): 17 doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1009-606X.2002.01.004
[24] Melashvili M, Fleming C, Dymov I, et al. Dissolution of gold during pyrite oxidation reaction. Miner Eng, 2016, 87: 2 doi: 10.1016/j.mineng.2015.07.017
[25] Melashvili M, Fleming C, Dymov I, et al. Equation for thiosulphate yield during pyrite oxidation. Miner Eng, 2015, 74: 105 doi: 10.1016/j.mineng.2015.02.004
[26] 徐斌, 李骞, 刘晓亮, 等. 一种钴、乙二胺四乙酸催化硫代硫酸盐浸金的方法: 中国专利, 201610018078.5. 2016-5-25 Xu B, Li Q, Liu X L, et al. A Method of Thiosulfate Leaching of Gold with the Catalysis of Cobalt-Ethylene Diamine Tetraacetic Acid: China Patent, 201610018078.5. 2016-5-25
[27] 徐斌, 杨永斌, 李骞, 等. 一种镍柠檬酸根催化硫代硫酸盐浸金的工艺: 中国专利, 201510229799.6. 2015-7-22 Xu B, Yang Y B, Li Q, et al. A Technology of Thiosulfate Leaching of Gold with the Catalysis of Nickel-Citrate: China Patent, 201510229799.6. 2015-7-22
[28] 徐斌, 李骞, 刘晓亮, 等. 一种减少硫代硫酸盐用量的浸金方法: 中国专利, 201610924649.1. 2017-10-24 Xu B, Li Q, Liu X L, et al. A Gold Leaching Method for Reducing the Consumption of Thiosulfate: China Patent, 201610924649.1. 2017-10-24
[29] Li J S, Safarzadeh M S, Moats M S, et al. Thiocyanate hydrometallurgy for the recovery of gold. Part Ⅱ: The leaching kinetics. Hydrometallurgy, 2012, 113-114: 10
[30] Li J S, Safarzadeh M S, Moats M S, et al. Thiocyanate hydrometallurgy for the recovery of gold. Part I: Chemical and thermodynamic considerations. Hydrometallurgy, 2012, 113-114: 1
[31] White H A. The solubility of gold in thiosulphates and thiocyanates. South Afric J Sci, 1905, 1(1): 211 http://www.researchgate.net/publication/284211597_The_solubility_of_gold_in_thiosulphates_and_thiocyanates
[32] Barbosa-Filho O, Monhemius A J. Leaching of gold in thiocyanate solutions: Part 1: chemistry and thermodynamics. Trans Inst MinMetall Sect C, 1994, 103: C105. http://www.researchgate.net/publication/266135780_Leaching_of_gold_in_thiocyanate_solutions_Part_1_chemistry_and_thermodynamics_Part_2_redox_processes_in_iron(III)_thiocyanate_solutions_Part_3_rates_and_mechanism_of_gold_dissolution
[33] Kholmogorov A G, Kononova O N, Pashkov G L, et al. Thiocyanate solutions in gold technology. Hydrometallurgy, 2002, 64(1): 43 doi: 10.1016/S0304-386X(02)00005-1
[34] Li J S, Safarzadeh M S, Moats M S, et al. Thiocyanate hydrometallurgy for the recovery of gold. Part Ⅲ: Thiocyanate stability. Hydrometallurgy, 2012, 113-114: 19 doi: 10.1016/j.hydromet.2011.11.009
[35] Ma C J, Li J Y, Liu R J. A review of thiocyanate hydrometallurgy for the recovery of gold. Appl Mech Mater, 2015, 768: 53 doi: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.768.53
[36] 梁昌金, 马传净. 中性环境中硫氰酸盐浸取废旧线路板中的金. 贵金属, 2015, 36(4): 56 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-0676.2015.04.010 Liang C J, Ma C J. Gold leaching from waste circuit boards with thiocyanate in neutral environment. Precious Met, 2015, 36(4): 56 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-0676.2015.04.010
[37] 郭欢, 杨声海, 陈永明, 等. 硫氰酸盐体系从难处理硫化金精矿中氧压浸金. 有色金属(冶炼部分), 2011(10): 23 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7545.2011.10.007 Guo H, Yang S H, Chen Y M, et al. Oxidative pressure leaching of gold from refractory gold sulfide concentrates with alkaline thiocyanate solution. Nonferrous Met Extr Metall, 2011(10): 23 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7545.2011.10.007
[38] 胡燕清, 杨声海, 陈永明. 某毒砂金矿硫氰酸盐氨性体系加压氧化提金探索试验. 有色金属(冶炼部分), 2012(9): 34 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7545.2012.09.010 Hu Y Q, Yang S H, Chen Y M. Exploration test on gold extraction from arsenopyrite gold concentrate with oxidation pressure leaching process in ammonium thiocyanate-ammonia system. Nonferrous Met Extr Metall, 2012(9): 34 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7545.2012.09.010
[39] Gould W D, King M, Mohapatra B R, et al. A critical review on destruction of thiocyanate in mining effluents. Miner Eng, 2012, 34: 38 doi: 10.1016/j.mineng.2012.04.009
[40] Wilson I R, Harris G M. The oxidation of thiocyanate ion by hydrogen peroxide. I. The pH-independent reaction. J Am Chem Soc, 1960, 82(17): 4515 doi: 10.1021/ja01502a017
[41] Batoeva A A, Tsybikova B A, Ryazantsev A A. Catalytic oxidation of thiocyanates in an acid medium. Russ J Appl Chem, 2010, 83(6): 993 doi: 10.1134/S1070427210060121
[42] Gonzalez-Merchan C, Genty T, Bussière B, et al. Ferrates performance in thiocyanates and ammonia degradation in gold mine effluents. Miner Eng, 2016, 95: 124 doi: 10.1016/j.mineng.2016.06.022
[43] Lee C, Kim J, Chang J, et al. Isolation and identification of thiocyanate utilizing chemolithotrophs from gold mine soils. Biodegradation, 2003, 14(3): 183 doi: 10.1023/A:1024256932414
[44] Ebbs S. Biological degradation of cyanide compounds. Curr Opin Biotechnol, 2004, 15(3): 231 doi: 10.1016/j.copbio.2004.03.006
[45] Altansukh B, Burmaa G, Nyamdelger S, et al. Gold recovery from its fotationconcentrate using acidic thiourea leaching and organosilicon polymer. Int J Soc Mater Eng Resour, 2014, 20(1): 29 doi: 10.5188/ijsmer.20.29
[46] Guo Y J, Guo X, Wu H Y, et al. A novel bio-oxidation and twostep thiourea leaching method applied to a refractory gold concentrate. Hydrometallurgy, 2017, 171: 213 doi: 10.1016/j.hydromet.2017.05.023
[47] 萨本嘉, 张方宇, 程华. 碱性硫脲溶金的研究. 黄金, 1984(3): 45 https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-HJZZ198403009.htm Sa B J, Zhang F Y, Cheng H. Study on gold dissolving in alkaline thiourea solution. Gold, 1984(3): 45 https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-HJZZ198403009.htm
[48] Wei D W, Chai L Y, Ichino R, et al. Gold leaching in an alkaline thiourea solution. J Electrochem Soc, 1999, 146(2): 559 doi: 10.1149/1.1391643
[49] Li L F, Zhu Z S, Liu Y C, et al. Optimisation of efficient auxiliary agents of gold leaching in an alkaline thiourea solution for a finely disseminated gold ore. Int J Min Miner Eng, 2014, 5(4): 315 doi: 10.1504/IJMME.2014.066579
[50] Zhang J T, Shen S B, Cheng Y, et al. Dual lixiviant leaching process for extraction and recovery of gold from ores at room temperature. Hydrometallurgy, 2014, 144-145: 114 doi: 10.1016/j.hydromet.2014.02.001
[51] 杨喜云, 刘政坤, 郭孔彬, 等. 硫脲-硫氰酸钠浸出难处理金矿及浸出剂的稳定性. 中国有色金属学报, 2014, 24(8): 2164 https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-ZYXZ201408030.htm Yang X Y, Liu Z K, Guo K B, et al. Leaching of Au from refractory gold ore in thiourea-thiocyanate solutions and stability of lixiviants. Chin J Nonferrous Met, 2014, 24(8): 2164 https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-ZYXZ201408030.htm
[52] Yang X Y, Moats M S, Miller J D. Gold dissolution in acidic thiourea and thiocyanate solutions. Electrochim Acta, 2010, 55(11): 3643 doi: 10.1016/j.electacta.2010.01.105
[53] Yang X Y, Moats M S, Miller J D, et al. Thiourea-thiocyanate leaching system for gold. Hydrometallurgy, 2011, 106(1-2): 58 doi: 10.1016/j.hydromet.2010.11.018
[54] 杨丙雨, 兰新哲, 张箭, 等. 石硫合剂的提金原理及应用. 贵金属, 1997, 18(2): 58 https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-GJSZ702.013.htm Yang B Y, Lan X Z, Zhang J, et al. Lime-sulpher-synthetic-solution(LSSS)-anew nontoxic reagent for extraction of gold. Precious Met, 1997, 18(2): 58 https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-GJSZ702.013.htm
[55] 杨天足, 陈希鸿, 宾万达, 等. 多硫化钠浸金研究. 中南矿冶学院学报, 1992, 23(6): 687 https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-ZNGD199206010.htm Yang T Z, Chen X H, Bin W D, et al. Gold leaching in sodium polysulfide solution. J Cent South Inst Min Metall, 1992, 23(6): 687 https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-ZNGD199206010.htm
[56] 杨天足, 宾万达, 陈希鸿, 等. 难处理金矿石加石灰焙烧焙砂的多硫化物浸出. 黄金, 1995, 16(10): 29 https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-HJZZ510.007.htm Yang T Z, Bin W D, Chen X H, et al. Polysulfide leaching of calcine after roasting refractory gold ore by addition of lime. Gold, 1995, 16(10): 29 https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-HJZZ510.007.htm
[57] 杨天足, 宾万达, 卢宜源, 等. 含砷难处理金矿预处理研究-(Ⅱ)加石灰焙烧法. 黄金, 1994, 15(2): 31 https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-HJZZ402.006.htm Yang T Z, Bin W D, Lu Y Y, et al. Pretreatment of arsenical refractory gold concentrate-(Ⅱ) roasting by addition of lime. Gold, 1994, 15(2): 31 https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-HJZZ402.006.htm
[58] Zhang J, Lan X Z. Leaching gold and silver by the LSSS method, Part I: synthesizing the LSSS and dissolving Au and Ag//16th IPMI International Conference-Proceeding, Precious Metals 1992. Scottsdale, 1992: 289 http://www.mendeley.com/research/leaching-gold-silver-limesulphursyntheticsolution-lsss-part-i-synthesizing-lsss-dissolving-pure-gold-silver-it/
[59] 陈怡, 宋永辉. 某碳质金精矿石硫合剂法浸出试验研究. 黄金, 2012, 33(3): 43 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-1277.2012.03.010 Chen Y, Song Y H. Study on leaching gold from carbonaceous gold ores bylime-sulpher-synthetic-solution. Gold, 2012, 33(3): 43 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-1277.2012.03.010
[60] 李晶莹, 黄璐. 石硫合剂法浸取废弃线路板中金的试验研究. 黄金, 2009, 30(10): 48 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-1277.2009.10.013 Li J Y, Huang L. Experimental research on leaching gold from waste printed circuit board by LSSS method. Gold, 2009, 30(10): 48. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-1277.2009.10.013
[61] 冯杰, 傅平丰, 杨天. 某金矿石的改性石硫合剂法浸金研究. 黄金科学技术, 2016, 24(1): 102 https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-HJKJ201601028.htm Feng J, Fu P F, Yang T. Study on gold leaching from ores with modified lime-sulpher-synthetic-solution process. Gold Sci Technol, 2016, 24(1): 102 https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-HJKJ201601028.htm
[62] 金创石, 张廷安, 牟望重, 等. 液氯化法浸金过程热力学. 稀有金属, 2012, 36(1): 129 https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-ZXJS201201025.htm Jin C S, Zhang T A, Mu W Z, et al. Thermodynamics of gold chlorination leaching process. Chin J Rare Met, 2012, 36(1): 129 https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-ZXJS201201025.htm
[63] 方兆珩. 碳质金矿的矿物特征和提金工艺. 黄金科学技术, 2003, 11(6): 28 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1005-2518.2003.06.004 Fang Z H. Mineral characteristic and extractive technology of carbonaceous gold ores. Gold Sci Technol, 2003, 11(6): 28 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1005-2518.2003.06.004
[64] 刘春奇. 水氯化法处理废载金碳. 有色矿冶, 2005, 21(2): 21 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-967X.2005.02.007 Liu C Q. Treatment of spent carbon loaded with gold by aqueous chlorination. Non-ferrous Min Metall, 2005, 21(2): 21 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-967X.2005.02.007
[65] 金创石, 张廷安, 曾勇, 等. 液氯化法从难处理金精矿加压氧化渣中浸金的研究. 稀有金属材料与工程, 2012, 41(增刊2): 569 https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-COSE2012S2138.htm Jin C S, Zhang T A, Zeng Y, et al. Study on chlorination leaching of gold from pressure oxidation residue of refractory gold concentrate. Rare Met Mater Eng, 2012, 41(Suppl 2): 569 https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-COSE2012S2138.htm
[66] Hasab M G, Rashchi F, Raygan S. Simultaneous sulfide oxidation and gold leaching of a refractory gold concentrate by chloridehypochlorite solution. Miner Eng, 2013, 50-51: 140 doi: 10.1016/j.mineng.2012.08.011
[67] Hasab M G, Raygan S, Rashchi F. Chloride-hypochlorite leaching of gold from a mechanically activated refractory sulfide concentrate. Hydrometallurgy, 2013, 138: 59 doi: 10.1016/j.hydromet.2013.06.013
[68] Olteanu A F, Dobre T, Panturu E, et al. Experimental process analysis and mathematical modeling for selective gold leaching from slag through wet chlorination. Hydrometallurgy, 2014, 144-145: 170 doi: 10.1016/j.hydromet.2014.02.011
-
期刊类型引用(12)
1. 刘文佳,刘晓峰,王博,崔淑洁. 特种车辆驾驶疲劳研究现状. 军事医学. 2024(02): 154-157 . 百度学术 2. 郭春东,李云浩,颜硕,沈琳. 基于改进DMAIC的打磨工人工效学模型与作业姿势改善. 工业工程. 2024(05): 53-63 . 百度学术 3. 张铝,张丹. 基于相对心率建立体力劳动强度评价模型. 青海大学学报. 2023(01): 80-87 . 百度学术 4. 周建亮,陈玮,范丽萍. 基于生理指标的建筑工人攀登作业疲劳实验研究. 中国安全生产科学技术. 2023(03): 195-202 . 百度学术 5. 何佳媛,易灿南,刘雪阳,郑艳芳,胡丹. 建筑行业破拆作业人员作业疲劳测量量表研究. 山西建筑. 2023(19): 185-188 . 百度学术 6. 莫俊文,钟建栋. 高海拔铁路工程不同工种施工人员的作业疲劳评估. 土木工程与管理学报. 2022(04): 10-15+31 . 百度学术 7. 洪莲,于娜. 家具制造作业体力负荷对认知能力的影响. 林业工程学报. 2021(01): 191-196 . 百度学术 8. 李浩,刘根,文笑雨,王昊琪,张玉彦,李客,马文锋,孙春亚,罗国富,黄荣杰. 面向人机交互的数字孪生系统工业安全控制体系与关键技术. 计算机集成制造系统. 2021(02): 374-389 . 百度学术 9. 张劲松,蒋玉龙. 基于SNA的装配式项目工人管理影响因素研究. 项目管理技术. 2021(10): 28-32 . 百度学术 10. 张婉如,方铖,刘志钢,朱琳. 地铁车站行车人员作业前后心理疲劳及认知能力变化研究. 人类工效学. 2021(05): 54-58 . 百度学术 11. 王越,刘洋,徐明伟. 基于表面肌电的工人上肢肌肉疲劳试验研究. 华北科技学院学报. 2019(01): 98-102 . 百度学术 12. 冼杰森,陈晓宁. 基于心率变异性的人体疲劳兴奋测试方案设计. 电子技术与软件工程. 2018(21): 80-82 . 百度学术 其他类型引用(25)
计量
- 文章访问数: 1526
- HTML全文浏览量: 642
- PDF下载量: 64
- 被引次数: 37