黄江, 金建泉, 赵梁, 梁家鑫, 陈勇刚. 锂离子电池火灾灭火剂及灭火策略研究进展[J]. 工程科学学报, 2024, 46(11): 2121-2132. DOI: 10.13374/j.issn2095-9389.2024.01.19.003
引用本文: 黄江, 金建泉, 赵梁, 梁家鑫, 陈勇刚. 锂离子电池火灾灭火剂及灭火策略研究进展[J]. 工程科学学报, 2024, 46(11): 2121-2132. DOI: 10.13374/j.issn2095-9389.2024.01.19.003
HUANG Jiang, JIN Jianquan, ZHAO Liang, LIANG Jiaxin, CHEN Yonggang. Review of fire extinguishing agents and fire suppression strategies for lithium-ion battery fire[J]. Chinese Journal of Engineering, 2024, 46(11): 2121-2132. DOI: 10.13374/j.issn2095-9389.2024.01.19.003
Citation: HUANG Jiang, JIN Jianquan, ZHAO Liang, LIANG Jiaxin, CHEN Yonggang. Review of fire extinguishing agents and fire suppression strategies for lithium-ion battery fire[J]. Chinese Journal of Engineering, 2024, 46(11): 2121-2132. DOI: 10.13374/j.issn2095-9389.2024.01.19.003

锂离子电池火灾灭火剂及灭火策略研究进展

Review of fire extinguishing agents and fire suppression strategies for lithium-ion battery fire

  • 摘要: 锂离子电池凭借诸多优异性能,常作为电化学储能主要载体之一,被广泛应用. 然而,由于制造缺陷或者安全规范外使用,易触发锂电池热失控并引发火灾和爆炸等安全事故,锂电池火灾有效抑灭技术亟待解决. 本文通过对相关文献的探讨,全面综述了锂电池火灾特点及热失控机理、灭火剂及灭火策略,总结出锂电池热灾害治理与防控的两大需求:灭火和冷却. 针对锂电池火灾所适用的灭火剂,着重介绍了气体灭火剂、水基灭火剂和固体灭火剂中各自灭火剂的灭火效能和灭火机理,并从多角度进行对比分析. 为提高灭火和冷却效果,进一步分析了协同灭火、间歇式喷雾、灭火微胶囊等灭火策略. 在此基础上,总结出现有抑制锂电池火灾灭火剂的使用局限性以及灭火策略的不足,展望了未来提升锂电池火灾集成灭火和冷却效果的不同方式,通过添加剂进行改性或者研制出高导热性、高绝缘性、清洁廉价和无毒副产物的理想型灭火剂,设计出更加高效的新型灭火策略,有望实现锂电池热灾害的有效治理与防控.

     

    Abstract: Lithium-ion batteries have been widely used as key carriers of electrochemical energy storage owing to their excellent performance. However, manufacturing defects or non-compliance with safety norms can easily trigger thermal runaway in lithium batteries, leading to safety accidents such as fires and explosions. This highlights the urgent need for advanced lithium battery fire suppression technology. This paper provides a comprehensive analysis of the fire characteristics and thermal runaway mechanisms of lithium batteries, based on a review of relevant literature. Additionally, it examines various fire extinguishing agents and strategies, highlighting the two primary requirements for managing and preventing thermal disasters associated with lithium batteries: fire suppression and cooling. For lithium battery fires, this study introduces and compares the fire extinguishing mechanisms, and the fire extinguishing and cooling efficiency of different types of extinguishing agents: gas-based, water-based, and solid agents. The comparison considers multiple perspectives, such as extinguishing and cooling capacity, insulation, toxicity, residue and cost. Notably, C6F12O exhibits excellent fire extinguishing capabilities, while water mist demonstrates superior cooling performance. To enhance fire extinguishing and cooling effects, new strategies and devices are analyzed, such as cooperative fire extinguishing, intermittent spray and fire extinguishing microcapsules. The study also summarizes the limitations of current extinguishing agents for suppressing lithium battery fires and the shortcomings of extinguishing strategies, offering several methods for improving the performance of extinguishing agents. Collaboration between early fire detection technology and fire suppression technology can achieve early warning and precise fire extinguishing effects. According to the specific characteristics of lithium battery fires, a comprehensive analysis from the perspectives of fire behavior, thermal behavior and system toxicity is essential. The development of an ideal extinguishing agent with high thermal conductivity, high insulation, clean, cost-effective and non-toxic byproducts can be achieved using additives or new formulations. By developing more efficient new extinguishing strategies, it is possible to effectively govern and prevent battery thermal disasters.

     

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