Abstract: Metal mineral resources are essential for human survival and development, serving as strategic assets that underpin national security and economic growth. In recent years, key metal minerals have also emerged as focal points in global geopolitical competition. To secure a stable supply of these critical resources, leading mining nations have invested heavily in technological innovation, prioritizing the development of advanced and efficient mining technologies. While China’s mining technology has seen rapid advancements in recent years, it still lags behind the long-established technologies of leading mining countries due to a later start. In this context, a comprehensive review of the current state of mining technology both domestically and internationally, along with an analysis of the technological gaps between China and other mining powerhouses, is crucial for charting the future course of China’s mining industry. This paper examines these issues from three key perspectives: mine scale, process equipment, and software technology. The analysis reveals that China’s primary technological gaps include intelligent and unmanned open-pit mining equipment, deep-level intelligent underground mining, and the development and application of advanced mining software. Based on these findings, and in alignment with the national resource development strategy, this paper identifies four categories of critical technologies—bottleneck, foundational, urgent, and forward-looking—facing China’s metal mining sector, and offers recommendations for key technological advancements. (1) Strengthen support for breakthroughs in critical technologies: Prioritize the development of intelligent open-pit mining equipment, deep mining technologies and equipment, and mining CAD/CAE software. The aim is to achieve independent research, development, and application of large-scale intelligent mining equipment and industrial software as soon as possible. (2) Emphasize continuous research on foundational technologies: Focus on advancing deep mining rock mechanics modeling, multi-scale fracture simulation under thermo-hydro-mechanical coupling, and disaster mechanics and dynamic control technologies for deep mining. These efforts are essential to establishing a solid theoretical foundation for deep mining. (3) Accelerate the development of urgent technologies: Target key challenges such as efficient block caving methods for metal mines, large-scale filling mining techniques, and intelligent ore grade detection technologies. These advancements are critical to ensuring a stable supply of mineral resources in China. (4) Proactively plan for forward-looking technologies: Engage in exploratory research on innovative technologies, including new deep well hoisting systems, efficient rock-breaking methods, integrated underground mining and processing, co-extraction of mineral and geothermal resources, and fluidized mining of metal deposits. These initiatives are intended to drive continuous breakthroughs in future mining technologies.