基于时间序列调整的无人矿卡排土场多车协同泊车轨迹规划

Time-Sequence-Adjusted Cooperative Parking Trajectory Planning for Multiple Autonomous Mining Trucks in Waste Dumps

  • 摘要: 针对无人矿卡在排土场中面临的动态环境复杂、路径规划难度高、车间易产生冲突等问题,旨在降低事故风险与运行成本,提升整体作业效率,提出一套基于时间序列调整的多车协同泊车轨迹规划方法。将多车协同泊车规划分解为单车路径规划与多车冲突消解两个子问题。单车规划方面,考虑矿卡大质量、大尺寸以及排土作业终端姿态约束等特性,以最小化倒车、转向、换向次数及行驶距离为优化目标,提出了一种考虑障碍物距离场与轨迹两端姿态的换向点采样方法,进而生成合理的矿卡泊车轨迹;多车冲突消解方面,提出基于时间序列调整的协同算法,采用"冲突搜索—冲突消解"两阶段策略,将多车冲突问题解耦为多个两车冲突问题,继而通过合理调整矿卡作业时序而非修改空间路径,实现低计算成本且高效的冲突化解。所提出的算法不仅解决了矿卡合理换向的问题, 而且能够消除多车冲突,缩短多策划协同作业周期,对比分析实验验证了所提出的算法的有效性和优越性。

     

    Abstract: To address the critical challenges of complex dynamic environments, high path planning difficulty, and frequent inter-vehicle conflicts faced by autonomous mining trucks in waste dumps, this study proposes a novel multi-vehicle cooperative parking trajectory planning method based on time-sequence adjustment. The primary objectives are to reduce accident risks and operational costs while significantly enhancing overall productivity. The proposed methodology strategically decomposes this complex problem into two fundamental sub-problems, which are single-vehicle trajectory planning and multi-vehicle conflict resolution, enabling a systematic and efficient solution framework. In the single-vehicle planning module, we specifically address the unique characteristics of mining trucks, including their substantial mass, large dimensions, constraints on terminal posture and constrained maneuverability. The optimization objective is formulated to minimize not only the total travel distance but also the number of reversing maneuvers, steering actions, and direction-switching events, as these operations are particularly time-consuming and energy-intensive for heavy-duty mining trucks. To achieve this, we introduce an innovative direction-switching point sampling method that incorporates both the obstacle distance field information and the precise pose requirements at the trajectory's start and end points. This approach ensures that the generated parking trajectories are not only kinematically feasible and collision-free but also optimized for operational efficiency and vehicle safety. The distance field consideration allows the algorithm to maintain safe margins from dynamic obstacles such as other vehicles, mobile equipment, and changing terrain features, while the pose-based sampling guarantees smooth transitions during direction reversals, reduces the collision risk with other mining trucks that may be caused by multiple direction-switching maneuvers, and effectively reduces mechanical stress on steering systems and tire wear. For multi-vehicle conflict resolution, a cooperative algorithm based on time-sequence adjustment is proposed, which adopts a two-stage "conflict search—conflict resolution" strategy. This approach decouples the multi-vehicle conflict problem into multiple two-vehicle conflict scenarios, and subsequently achieves low computational cost and efficient conflict resolution by rationally adjusting the operation timing of mining trucks rather than modifying their spatial paths. During the conflict search phase, the algorithm systematically analyzes the planned trajectories of all vehicles to identify potential spatial-temporal conflicts and strategically decouples the complex multi-vehicle problem into a series of more manageable two-vehicle conflict scenarios. The subsequent conflict resolution phase then addresses these pairwise conflicts by intelligently adjusting the operation timing and sequencing of individual mining trucks rather than modifying their pre-planned spatial paths. This time-sequence adjusted based approach is particularly advantageous in waste dump environments where frequent spatial re-planning would be computationally expensive and could introduce new conflicts. The proposed algorithm delivers multiple benefits: it effectively resolves the challenging direction-switching problem for heavy-duty mining trucks, eliminates multi-vehicle conflicts through temporal coordination, and substantially shortens the overall cooperative operation cycle. Comparative analysis experiments were conducted under complicated operational scenarios, including high-density vehicle interactions, dynamic obstacle interferences, and varying terrain conditions, to validate the algorithm's effectiveness. The results demonstrate significant improvements in both collision avoidance and operational efficiency compared to fixed-interval dispatch methods with priority strategy, confirming the superiority and practical applicability of our approach in real-world mining environments.

     

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