基于时间序列调整的无人矿卡排土场多车协同泊车轨迹规划

Time-Sequence-Adjusted Cooperative Parking Trajectory Planning for Multiple Autonomous Mining Trucks in Waste Dumps

  • 摘要: 针对无人矿卡在排土场中面临的非结构化边界、局部空间受限以及车间易产生时空冲突等问题,旨在降低事故风险与运行成本,提升整体作业效率,提出一套基于时间序列调整的多车协同泊车轨迹规划方法. 将多车协同泊车规划分解为单车路径规划与多车冲突消解两个子问题. 单车规划方面,考虑矿卡大质量、大尺寸以及排土作业终端姿态约束等特性,以最小化倒车、转向、换向次数及行驶距离为优化目标,提出一种考虑边界距离与轨迹两端姿态换向点采样与评估方法,进而生成合理的矿卡泊车轨迹;多车冲突消解方面,提出基于时间序列调整的协同算法,采用"冲突搜索—冲突消解"两阶段策略,将多车冲突问题解耦为多个两车冲突问题,继而通过合理调整矿卡作业时序而非修改空间路径,实现低计算成本且高效的冲突化解. 所提出的算法不仅解决了矿卡合理换向的问题, 而且能够消除多车冲突,对比分析实验验证了所提出的算法的有效性和优越性.

     

    Abstract: To address the unstructured boundaries, local space constraints, and potential intervehicle conflicts faced by autonomous mining trucks in waste dumps, this study proposes a multivehicle cooperative parking trajectory planning method based on time-sequence adjustment. The primary objectives are to reduce accident risks and operational costs while improving overall operational efficiency. The proposed methodology decomposes this problem into two subproblems: single-vehicle trajectory planning and multivehicle conflict resolution, to enable a systematic and efficient solution framework. In the single-vehicle planning module, we consider the key characteristics of mining trucks, including their large mass, large dimensions, terminal pose constraints, and constrained maneuverability. The planning objective is formulated to reduce the total travel distance as well as the number of reversing maneuvers, steering actions, and direction-switching events, as these operations are time-consuming and energy-intensive for heavy-duty mining trucks. To achieve this, we introduce a direction-switching point sampling method that incorporates both obstacle distance field information and pose requirements at the trajectory's start and end points. This approach helps generate parking trajectories that are kinematically feasible and collision-free while improving operational efficiency and vehicle safety. The distance field consideration allows the algorithm to maintain safe margins from obstacles and dump boundaries, while the pose-based sampling helps reduce unnecessary direction-switching maneuvers and the associated collision risk. For multivehicle conflict resolution, a cooperative algorithm based on time-sequence adjustment is proposed, which adopts a two-stage "conflict search–conflict resolution" strategy. This approach decouples the multivehicle conflict problem into multiple two-vehicle conflict scenarios. It achieves low computational cost and efficient conflict resolution by adjusting the operation timing of mining trucks rather than modifying their spatial paths. During the conflict search phase, the algorithm analyzes the planned trajectories of all vehicles to identify potential spatiotemporal conflicts and decouples the multivehicle problem into a series of more manageable two-vehicle conflict scenarios. The conflict resolution phase then addresses these pairwise conflicts by adjusting the operation timing and sequencing of individual mining trucks rather than modifying their preplanned spatial paths. This time-sequence adjustment-based approach is suitable for waste dump environments, where frequent spatial replanning would be computationally expensive and could introduce additional conflicts. The proposed algorithm effectively addresses the direction-switching problem for heavy-duty mining trucks and eliminates multivehicle conflicts through temporal coordination. Comparative simulation experiments were conducted in waste-dump scenarios involving dense vehicle interactions to validate the algorithm's effectiveness. The results show that, compared with fixed-interval dispatch methods with a priority strategy, the proposed method improves collision avoidance and operational efficiency, demonstrating its effectiveness and potential applicability to cooperative parking operations of autonomous mining trucks in waste dumps.

     

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