矿山扰动应力监测及多参量一体化发展趋势

Mining-Induced Stress Monitoring and Development Trends in Integrated Multi-Parameter Sensing

  • 摘要: 矿山扰动应力监测是认识应力重分布规律、预防深部地下工程动力灾害的基础。深部矿山及煤系伴生资源协同开采不仅涉及三维应力变化,还伴随渗流与温度响应,而传统监测系统通常在不同位置和时刻分别获取单一参量,难以满足多物理场协同感知需求。本文旨在厘清现有扰动应力监测方法的性能边界,识别适用于三维感知的核心技术,并提出应力—渗压—温度一体化监测的发展路径。采用结构化比较与综合分析方法,选取振弦式应力计、液压式应力计、压磁传感器、光纤光栅(FBG)传感器和空心包体应变计五类代表性技术,从测量机理、监测维度、安装与耦合要求、温度敏感性、长期稳定性、工程适用性及多参量集成潜力等方面进行对比。针对空心包体应变计,重点分析其应力—应变反演原理、结构改进、胶结介质匹配、围岩—水泥浆—环氧树脂胶多层体系中的应变传递、温度补偿及现场表现,并将现有多层介质修正方法归纳为试验率定、理论修正、数值反演和数据驱动代理模型四类;同时综合深部金属矿山、煤矿、地下实验室及水力压裂工程中的代表性应用,评价其工程可行性与不确定性。比较结果表明:振弦式和液压式装置结构简单、工程应用成熟,但其输出主要反映局部压力或一至二维应力变化,三维表征通常依赖多传感器或多钻孔联合布置;压磁传感器安装较方便,并可通过冗余分量实现一定的自检,但监测精度受岩体完整性、预应力施加及安装耦合影响;FBG传感器具有本质安全、抗电磁干扰、耐腐蚀以及适于远距离复用或分布式感知等优势,但仍受应变—温度交叉敏感、封装耦合误差和解调成本制约。空心包体应变计的突出优势在于,可利用单个钻孔内的多方向孔壁应变反演三维扰动应力张量的大小和方向;其精度则受到安装质量、钻孔扰动、岩石各向异性、结构刚度、胶结介质性质、多层介质应变传递和温度漂移等因素控制。理论与数值研究说明,刚度失配和介质层厚度可显著改变应变传递;现场应用则表明,空心包体系统能够连续捕获开挖、采动、卸荷及水力压裂引起的应力调整,并跟踪主应力大小与方向的变化。在此基础上,本文指出,分离式单参量系统普遍存在时空对齐困难、钻孔占用多、安装扰动增加、通信协议不兼容及数据融合困难等问题。为此,提出以空心包体应变计为三维应力感知核心,在同一监测节点集成渗压和温度单元的装置架构。多参量同位、同步采集可提高多物理场观测的一致性,使温度信息同时服务于环境解释和测量补偿,并为识别应力—渗流—温度耦合前兆提供更可靠的数据基础。进一步提出“传感器选型与结构集成—多通道采集电路、温度补偿、数据传输及上位机软件开发—实验室标定、现场验证与迭代优化”的三阶段研发路线。未来应重点推进力学性能匹配且耐久的胶结介质、物理机理约束的多层介质反演、长期漂移控制、传感器智能布置、多源数据融合及数字孪生辅助预警等研究。本文的主要贡献在于,将基于机理的扰动应力监测技术比较与深部开采及伴生资源协同开发的多物理场需求相衔接,明确了以空心包体为核心的多参量一体化感知是提升地下工程灾害识别与预警可靠性的可行方向。

     

    Abstract: Monitoring mining-induced stress is a prerequisite for understanding stress redistribution and preventing dynamic disasters in deep underground engineering. However, deep mines and the coordinated extraction of coal-measure associated resources involve not only three-dimensional stress changes but also coupled seepage and thermal responses, whereas conventional monitoring systems usually measure isolated parameters at different locations and times. This review aims to clarify the performance boundaries of existing mining-induced stress monitoring methods, identify a technically suitable core for three-dimensional sensing, and propose a pathway toward integrated stress-pore-pressure-temperature monitoring. A structured comparative synthesis is conducted for five representative technologies: vibrating-wire stress meters, hydraulic stress meters, piezomagnetic sensors, fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors, and hollow inclusion strain cells. Their measurement mechanisms, monitoring dimensionality, installation and coupling requirements, temperature sensitivity, long-term stability, engineering applicability, and potential for multi-parameter integration are compared. For hollow inclusion strain cells, particular attention is paid to the stress-strain inversion principle, structural improvement, bonding-medium compatibility, strain transfer through the rock-cement grout-epoxy multilayer system, temperature compensation, and field performance. Existing correction strategies for multilayer strain transfer are further classified into experimental calibration, analytical correction, numerical inversion, and data-driven surrogate modeling. Evidence from representative applications in deep metal mines, coal mines, underground research laboratories, and hydraulic-fracturing projects is synthesized to evaluate practical feasibility and remaining uncertainties. The comparison shows that vibrating-wire and hydraulic devices are structurally simple and mature in field use, but their outputs mainly represent local pressure or one- to two-dimensional stress changes and usually require multiple sensors or boreholes for three-dimensional characterization. Piezomagnetic sensors provide convenient installation and possible self-diagnosis through redundant components, but their accuracy is sensitive to rock-mass integrity, prestressing, and installation coupling. FBG sensors are intrinsically safe, resistant to electromagnetic interference and corrosion, and suitable for remote, multiplexed, or distributed sensing; nevertheless, strain-temperature cross-sensitivity, packaging and coupling errors, and interrogation cost remain major constraints. Hollow inclusion strain cells have the most prominent advantage for this application because multi-directional borehole-wall strains measured in a single borehole can be used to invert both the magnitude and orientation of the three-dimensional mining-induced stress tensor. Their accuracy, however, is governed by installation quality, borehole disturbance, rock anisotropy, structural stiffness, bonding-medium properties, multilayer strain transfer, and temperature drift. Analytical and numerical studies indicate that stiffness mismatch and layer thickness can significantly alter strain transfer, while field applications demonstrate that hollow inclusion systems can continuously capture stress adjustment caused by excavation, mining, unloading, and hydraulic fracturing and can track changes in principal-stress magnitude and direction. On this basis, the review identifies poor spatiotemporal alignment, excessive borehole occupation, additional installation disturbance, incompatible communication protocols, and difficult data fusion as the principal limitations of separated single-parameter systems. An integrated architecture is therefore proposed in which a hollow inclusion strain cell acts as the three-dimensional stress-sensing core, while pore-pressure and temperature units are embedded at the same monitoring node. Co-located and synchronized acquisition would improve the consistency of multiphysics observations, allow temperature information to support both environmental interpretation and measurement compensation, and provide a stronger data basis for identifying coupled stress-seepage-temperature precursors. A three-stage development route is outlined: sensor selection and structural integration; development of multi-channel acquisition electronics, temperature compensation, data transmission, and host-computer software; and laboratory calibration followed by field validation and iterative optimization. Future work should focus on mechanically compatible and durable bonding media, physics-informed multilayer inversion, long-term drift control, intelligent sensor placement, multi-source data fusion, and digital-twin-assisted warning models. The main contribution of this review is to connect a mechanism-based comparison of stress-monitoring technologies with the multiphysics requirements of deep mining and coordinated resource extraction, thereby establishing hollow-inclusion-centered, integrated multi-parameter sensing as a practical direction for more reliable hazard identification and early warning.

     

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