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摘要: 深部岩体相比浅部岩体具有强流变性、强湿热环境和强动力灾害等差异，相关岩体力学理论和开采技术不再适用于深部金属矿开采。因此本文对深部岩体力学、深部建井提升、绿色开采、智能开采这4个金属矿深部开采的关键理论技术的研究现状进行综述，并针对性提出未来的研究重点。最后，基于现阶段深部金属矿开采的关键技术和理论的研究现状以及存在的问题，提出了发展和完善极深部岩体力学理论、进行原位流态化开采技术研究和应用以及建设超大型深部智慧化无人矿山这3个方面的展望。随着金属矿开采深度不断下降，亟需研究金属矿深部开采相关理论技术，确保深部金属矿产资源安全、高效、经济、环保地进行开采。Abstract: Mineral resources are essential to human life and social development and play an important role in national security and economic development. China has huge reserves of metal mineral resources, but the per capita possession is low. Especially, it is difficult for iron, copper, aluminum, and other metal mineral resources to be self-sufficient and heavily dependent on foreign countries. Because of the massive exploitation of metal mineral resources, shallow resources are becoming exhausted, and deep mining will become the main force for the supply of metal mineral resources in the future. “Going deep into the earth” corresponds to the current state of national resource strategy development. It is found that there is still a certain gap between China’s deep metal mining technology and mining depth compared with internationally developed mining countries. The mining depth of foreign mining countries is mostly over 3000 m, with three South African mines having a mining depth of over 4000 m, whereas the mining depth of Chinese mines is mostly below 2000 m, and most of the metal mines have not yet broken through the kilometer depth. Furthermore, the level of mining technology in established mining countries abroad is high, and the degree of mechanization and intelligence is high. Deep mining technology in China is insufficient to meet the need for deep mining. China still has a large gap compared with internationally developed countries; therefore, the related rock mass mechanics theory and mining technology are no longer suitable for deep metal mining. In this paper, we summarize the research status of four major theories and technologies for deep mining of metal mines, namely, deep rock mechanics, deep well building and lifting, green mining, and intelligent mining, and proposes future research emphases. Finally, based on the research status and existing problems of the key technologies and theories of deep metal mining at present, the paper puts forward three strategic ideas: deep-part construction of a super-large intelligent autonomous mine, in-situ fluidized mining, and rock mechanics. With the continuous increase of mining depth, it is urgent to study the related theory and technology of deep mining of metal mines so as to ensure the safe, efficient, economical, and environmentally friendly mining of deep metal mineral resources and ensure the resource security of our country.
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Key words:
- deep metal mines /
- rock mechanics /
- shaft construction and hoisting /
- green mining /
- intelligent mining
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图 2 深部金属矿岩体力学理论研究总体框架
Figure 2. General framework of theoretical research on rock mass mechanics of deep metal mines
Name Mining depth/m Country Western deep level gold mine 4800 South Africa Mponeng gold mine 4350 South Africa Savuka gold mine 4000 South Africa Tau Tona Anglo gold mine 3900 South Africa Caritonville gold mine 3800 South Africa East Rand Proprietary mines 3585 South Africa South deep gold mine 3500 South Africa Kloof gold mine 3500 South Africa Driefontein gold mine 3400 South Africa Kusasalethu gold mine 3276 South Africa Champion Reef gold mine 3260 India Kolar gold mine (closed) 3200 India President Steyn gold mine 3200 South Africa Boksburg gold mine 3150 South Africa LaRonde gold–silver–copper–zine mine 3120 Canada Andina copper mine 3070 Chile Moab Khotsong gold mine 3054 South Africa Lucky Friday silver–lead–zinc mine 3000 USA Kidd Creek copper–zine mine 2927 Canada Great Noligwa gold mine 2600 South Africa Creighton nickel mine 2500 Canada Merensky Reef platinum-palladium mine 2200 South Africa Sudbury copper–nickel mine 2000 Canada Mount Isa copper mine 1900 Australia Pribram Uranium mine 1836 Czech Republic SDAG Wismut Uranium mine (closed) 1800 Germany Cheremukhovskaya–Glubokaya copper mine 1550 Former Soviet Union Boulby Potash mine 1300 UK Noranda mine 1280 Canada 
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表 2 国外主要矿业大国深部开采研究历程
Table 2. Research process of deep mining in major foreign mining countries
Year Research process Country 1908 Sets up rock burst commission South Africa 1942 Classical seminar on rock burst in Ontario Canada 1960s Research on monitoring rock burst using microseismic technique USA 1970s Establish a microseismic monitoring system South Africa 1977 Organized a special committee on rockburst The International Society for Rock Mechanics 1983 Carried out special research to solve the problems of 1600 m deep mining Soviet Union 1985 Ontario industry project and rockburst research program Canada 1990s Research on the differences in signals such as rock bursts, natural
earthquakes, and nuclear explosionsUSA 1998 Launched the "Deep Mine" research project South Africa 1999 Established geomechanics center Australia 2011 Research on earthquakes in deep underground mines (1000–3000 m) South Africa and Japan 2015 Established ultra-deep mining network Canada 2016 Asked three forward-looking questions European Union
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表 3 国内典型深部金属矿山
Table 3. Typical deep metal mines in China
Name Mining depth/m Metal type Henan Qinling gold mine 1990 Gold Henan Fuxin gold mine 1600 Gold Jilin Jiapigou gold mine 1600 Gold Yunnan Huize lead–zinc mine 1500 Lead–zinc Yunnan Liuju copper mine 1500 Copper Liaoning Sishanling iron mine 1500 Iron Liaoning Hongtoushan copper mine 1300 Copper Henan Wenyu gold mine 1300 Gold Shannxi Tongguanzhongjin gold mine 1200 Gold Shandong Linglong gold mine 1200 Gold Anhui Dongguashan copper mine 1120 Copper Hunan Xiangxi gold mine 1100 Gold Xinjiang Ashele copper mine 1100 Copper Liaoning Erdaogou gold mine 1100 Gold Hebei Jinchangyu gold mine 1100 Gold Shandong Sanshandao gold mine 1050 Gold Shandong Jining iron mine 1045 Iron Gansu Jinchuan nickel mine 1000 Nickel Shandong Jinzhou mining 1000 Gold Liaoning Gongchangling iron mine 1000 Iron Hebei Shouwangfen copper mine 1000 Copper Shandong Rushan gold mine 1000 Gold
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