王爽, 杜志明, 张泽林, 韩志跃. 锂离子电池安全性研究进展[J]. 工程科学学报, 2018, 40(8): 901-909. DOI: 10.13374/j.issn2095-9389.2018.08.002
引用本文: 王爽, 杜志明, 张泽林, 韩志跃. 锂离子电池安全性研究进展[J]. 工程科学学报, 2018, 40(8): 901-909. DOI: 10.13374/j.issn2095-9389.2018.08.002
WANG Shuang, DU Zhi-ming, ZHANG Ze-lin, HAN Zhi-yue. Research progress on safety of lithium-ion batteries[J]. Chinese Journal of Engineering, 2018, 40(8): 901-909. DOI: 10.13374/j.issn2095-9389.2018.08.002
Citation: WANG Shuang, DU Zhi-ming, ZHANG Ze-lin, HAN Zhi-yue. Research progress on safety of lithium-ion batteries[J]. Chinese Journal of Engineering, 2018, 40(8): 901-909. DOI: 10.13374/j.issn2095-9389.2018.08.002

锂离子电池安全性研究进展

Research progress on safety of lithium-ion batteries

  • 摘要: 综述了近年来电解液的热稳定性影响因素、热失控过程及产物成分、单体及电池组燃爆安全性、灭火措施的研究进展.指出电解液的热稳定性受锂盐和有机溶剂的共同影响,当电池内部温度达到120℃左右时放热反应开始出现,在热量持续积累的情况下热失控将自发进行,同时产生氢气和烷烃类具有燃烧爆炸危险的气体产物.与二氧化碳和干粉类灭火剂相比,七氟丙烷和水的灭火效果较好.最后对锂离子电池的应用前景做了展望,提出了不同滥用条件下的热失控过程、热失控产物生成机理,指出开发新型电解液和寻求高效灭火介质是今后研究的方向.

     

    Abstract: Lithium-ion batteries, now widely used in many fields, have a long cycle life, low self-discharge rate, high capacity and energy efficiency, no memory effect, and are environment-friendly. While enhancing everyday life, this new energy source comes with a number of serious safety risks. Due to the wide variety of battery materials used, the performance and safety features of these batteries also vary greatly. Capacity degradation and thermal runaway occur under extreme conditions such as high temperatures and over-charging, thus limiting their further promotion and use. With the large-scale application of the lithium-ion battery, the number of safety-related incidents have shown an increasing trend each year. To date, research on the safety of this battery has made great progress, especially with respect to thermal decomposition of the electrolyte and electrode materials. This paper reviews the factors influencing the thermal stability of the electrolyte, the thermal runaway process as it relates to the product composition, and the monomer and battery-pack safety and fire-extinguishing measures. It is found that the thermal stability of the electrolyte is affected by both the lithium salt and the organic solvent. When the internal temperature of the battery reaches about 120℃, an exothermic reaction begins to appear. Thermal runaway will spontaneously proceed with the continuous accumulation of heat, and at the same time, hydrogen and alkane gas products are produced that have combustion and explosion risks. Compared with carbon dioxide and dry powder fire extinguishing agents, the fire-extinguishing effect of heptafluoropropane and water is better. Lastly, the paper considers the application prospects of the lithium-ion battery and describes the directions of future research, including the thermal runaway process under the different abuse conditions, the product formation mechanism of the thermal runaway, the development of a new electrolyte, and the search for a high-efficiency fire-extinguishing medium.

     

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